Inergency
An online hub for emergency and natural disaster solutions
State Medicaid Coverage for Tobacco Cessation Treatments ...
INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH

State Medicaid Coverage for Tobacco Cessation Treatments …

By inergency
3
State Medicaid Coverage for Tobacco Cessation Treatments …


Summary

What is already known about this topic?

Medicaid enrollees have a higher prevalence of cigarette smoking than do privately insured U.S. residents. Evidence indicates that comprehensive, barrier-free state Medicaid cessation coverage could reduce smoking, smoking-related disease, and health care expenditures among Medicaid enrollees.

What is added by this report?

As of December 31, 2018, 15 states covered all nine evidence-based cessation treatments for all traditional Medicaid enrollees, up from six states at the end of 2008. All but two states retained coverage barriers.

What are the implications for public health practice?

State Medicaid programs can help Medicaid enrollees quit smoking by covering all evidence-based cessation treatments, removing coverage barriers, and promoting treatments to increase their use.

Altmetric:
Citations:
Views:

Views equals page views plus PDF downloads

Visual Abstract Video

The prevalence of current cigarette smoking is approximately twice as high among adults enrolled in Medicaid (23.9%) as among privately insured adults (10.5%), placing Medicaid enrollees at increased risk for smoking-related disease and death (1). Medicaid spends approximately $39 billion annually on treating smoking-related diseases (2). Individual, group, and telephone counseling and seven Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved medications* are effective in helping tobacco users quit (3). Comprehensive, barrier-free, widely promoted coverage of these treatments increases use of cessation treatments and quit rates and is cost-effective (3). To monitor changes in state Medicaid cessation coverage for traditional Medicaid enrollees† over the past decade, the American Lung Association collected data on coverage of nine cessation treatments by state Medicaid programs during December 31, 2008–December 31, 2018: individual counseling, group counseling, and the seven FDA-approved cessation medications§; states that cover all nine of these treatments are considered to have comprehensive coverage. The American Lung Association also collected data on seven barriers to accessing covered treatments. As of December 31, 2018, 15 states covered all nine cessation treatments for all enrollees, up from six states as of December 31, 2008. Of these 15 states, Kentucky and Missouri were the only ones to have removed all seven barriers to accessing these cessation treatments. State Medicaid programs that cover all evidence-based cessation treatments, remove barriers to accessing these treatments, and promote covered treatments to Medicaid enrollees and health care providers could reduce smoking, smoking-related disease, and smoking-attributable federal and state health care expenditures (3–7).

During December 31, 2008–December 31, 2018, the American Lung Association compiled data on state Medicaid tobacco cessation coverage from state Medicaid and Medicaid managed care plan member and provider websites and handbooks, policy manuals, plan formularies and preferred drug lists; Medicaid state plan amendments; and relevant regulations and laws.** Analysts searched for mentions of the nine cessation treatments on state Medicaid websites and other relevant state-sponsored websites and the Google search engine. The American Lung Association contacted personnel from state Medicaid agencies, state health departments, or other state government agencies to verify the information collected, retrieve missing documents, and reconcile discrepancies.

As of December 31, 2018, all 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC) covered at least some cessation treatments for all traditional Medicaid enrollees, compared with 46 states and DC as of December 31, 2008. As of December 31, 2018, 16 states covered both individual and group counseling for all enrollees, up from 13 states in December 2008 (Table 1). Thirty-six states†† covered all seven FDA-approved cessation medications for all traditional Medicaid enrollees, up from 20 states in December 2008 (Table 2). As of December 31, 2018, 15 states (California, Colorado, Connecticut, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Wisconsin) covered all nine cessation treatments for all traditional Medicaid enrollees, an increase from six states as of December 31, 2008 (Table 1) (Table 2). Eleven states (California, Colorado, Connecticut, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Missouri, Ohio, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Wisconsin) achieved this comprehensive level of coverage during the study period. Conversely, two states (Nebraska and Pennsylvania) that covered all nine cessation treatments in December 2008 no longer did so in December 2018.§§ Thirteen (87%) of the 15 states that covered all nine cessation treatments in 2018 had barriers in place for some treatments (Table 3); the remaining two states (Kentucky and Missouri) have removed all seven barriers examined in this study.

The number of states having none of the seven barriers to cessation treatment increased from zero to two during December 31, 2008–December 31, 2018. During this period, the number of states that did not require copayments for any cessation treatment for any traditional Medicaid enrollees approximately tripled, from 10 to 28. As of December 31, 2018, states reported that the most common barriers imposed on all or some traditional Medicaid enrollees were limits on duration of treatment (44 states, 86%), annual limits on quit attempts (37, 72%), and prior authorization requirements (35, 69%) (Table 3).

Discussion

States made substantial progress in improving Medicaid coverage of proven tobacco cessation treatments during 2008–2018, with the number of states covering all nine cessation treatments for all traditional Medicaid enrollees increasing from six to 15 and the number of states covering all seven FDA-approved cessation medications increasing from 20 to 36. Improved coverage increases Medicaid enrollees’ access to cessation treatments, which can make it easier for them to quit smoking (3,5,6). Covering all nine cessation treatments is important because different smokers respond better to or prefer different treatments than do other smokers.

The increase in the number of states covering all nine cessation treatments likely resulted in part from the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), which was passed in March 2010 (3). Two provisions of the ACA that introduced new requirements for state Medicaid cessation coverage took effect during the study period. The first provision, which took effect in October 2010, requires state Medicaid programs to cover cessation counseling and FDA-approved cessation medications for pregnant women with no cost-sharing¶¶; this provision resulted in increases in state Medicaid coverage of cessation counseling and medications for pregnant women (8). The second provision, which took effect in January 2014, barred state Medicaid programs that participate in the Medicaid drug rebate program from excluding FDA-approved cessation medications from coverage.*** This provision likely contributed to the increase observed in this study in the number of states that cover all seven FDA-approved cessation medications (3). With the exception of pregnant Medicaid enrollees, the ACA does not require traditional state Medicaid programs to cover cessation counseling or to remove barriers that impede access to cessation counseling and medications.†††

Although the progress reported here is encouraging, state Medicaid cessation coverage still falls short of the Healthy People 2020 objective of comprehensive cessation coverage in all 50 states and DC.§§§ In particular, state Medicaid coverage of counseling lags behind medication coverage, with the number of states that cover both individual and group counseling only increasing from 13 states in 2008 to 16 states in 2018. The combined use of counseling and medication is more effective in increasing quit rates than is the use of either of these treatments alone (3). Combined state Medicaid coverage of cessation counseling and medications has been found to be associated with an estimated mean increase in past-year quitting of 3.0 percentage points compared with that in persons without such coverage (5).

In addition, as of December 2018, all but two states retained barriers that make it more difficult for Medicaid enrollees to access cessation treatments. Removing these barriers would further increase Medicaid enrollees’ access to and use of cessation treatments (3,6). Although state Medicaid programs made considerable progress in removing copayments during the study period, progress in removing other barriers was mixed.

State Medicaid cessation coverage often varies considerably across a state’s Medicaid managed care plans in terms of both cessation treatments covered and coverage barriers. Standardizing cessation coverage by having all managed care plans cover all proven cessation treatments with minimal barriers can be beneficial in maximizing Medicaid enrollees’ access to proven cessation treatments while minimizing confusion about coverage among enrollees and providers. Standardizing coverage in this way is especially important because states are increasingly moving Medicaid enrollees from fee-for-service coverage into managed care coverage.¶¶¶

The findings in this report are subject to at least two limitations. First, when official documents were not publicly available or were outdated or conflicting, state government personnel were contacted for clarification; however, it was not always possible to verify the accuracy of the information they provided. Second, cessation coverage can vary widely across Medicaid managed care plans and can change with little notice, which makes determining these plans’ coverage challenging.

Approximately 6.7 million adult smokers report being enrolled in Medicaid, accounting for approximately 20% of adult U.S. cigarette smokers.**** Whereas smokers enrolled in Medicaid are as likely as are privately insured smokers to want to quit and to make a past-year quit attempt, they are less likely to succeed in quitting (9,10). Compared with smokers with private health insurance, smokers enrolled in Medicaid have been found to be more likely to have chronic diseases and to experience severe psychological distress (9). The high smoking prevalence among Medicaid enrollees imposes a substantial health burden on these persons and on society, and is a major driver of federal and state health care expenditures (3). Smoking-related diseases accounted for approximately 15% of annual Medicaid spending during 2006–2010, amounting to approximately $39 billion in 2010 (2). State Medicaid programs can help reduce this health and financial burden by covering all evidence-based cessation treatments, removing coverage barriers, and promoting covered treatments to Medicaid enrollees and providers to increase their use (3–7).

Acknowledgments

Deirdra Stockmann, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; Paul G. Billings, Deb Brown, Thomas Carr, Catherine Fields Chandler, Marissa Coloske, Jennifer Folkenroth, Ranjana Kodwani, Kim Lacina, Allison MacMunn, Katherine Pruitt, Susan J. Rappaport, Jasmine Sturdivant, Erika Sward, Gregg Tubbs, Camille Wejnert-Depue, Emma Will, Annie Yu, American Lung Association; Stephanie Sturgis, Lei Zhang, Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC.

1American Lung Association, Chicago, Illinois; 2Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC.

References

  1. Creamer MR, Wang TW, Babb S, et al. Tobacco product use and cessation indicators among adults—United States, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:1013–9. CrossRef PubMed
  2. Xu X, Bishop EE, Kennedy SM, Simpson SA, Pechacek TF. Annual healthcare spending attributable to cigarette smoking: an update. Am J Prev Med 2015;48:326–33. CrossRef PubMed
  3. CDC. Smoking cessation: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2020-smoking-cessation/?s_cid=OSH_misc_m180
  4. DiGiulio A, Jump Z, Yu A, et al. State Medicaid coverage for tobacco cessation treatments and barriers to accessing treatments—United States, 2015–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018;67:390–5. CrossRef PubMed
  5. Kostova D, Xu X, Babb S, McMenamin SB, King BA. Does state Medicaid coverage of smoking cessation treatments affect quitting? Health Serv Res 2018;53:4725–46. CrossRef PubMed
  6. Land T, Warner D, Paskowsky M, et al. Medicaid coverage for tobacco dependence treatments in Massachusetts and associated decreases in smoking prevalence. PLoS One 2010;5:e9770. CrossRef PubMed
  7. Richard P, West K, Ku L. The return on investment of a Medicaid tobacco cessation program in Massachusetts. PLoS One 2012;7:e29665. CrossRef PubMed
  8. McMenamin SB, Halpin HA, Ganiats TG. Medicaid coverage of tobacco-dependence treatment for pregnant women: impact of the Affordable Care Act. Am J Prev Med 2012;43:e27–9. CrossRef PubMed
  9. Zhu S-H, Anderson CM, Zhuang Y-L, Gamst AC, Kohatsu ND. Smoking prevalence in Medicaid has been declining at a negligible rate. PLoS One 2017;12:e0178279. CrossRef PubMed
  10. Babb S, Malarcher A, Schauer G, Asman K, Jamal A. Quitting smoking among adults—United States, 2000–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;65:1457–64. CrossRef PubMed

TABLE 1. Medicaid coverage for tobacco cessation counseling, by state — United States, 2008 and 2018*,†Return to your place in the text
State Individual counseling Group counseling
2008 2018 2008 2018
Alabama P P No No
Alaska Yes Yes No No
Arizona No P No No
Arkansas Yes Yes Yes No
California Yes Yes V Yes
Colorado No Yes No Yes
Connecticut No Yes No Yes
Delaware No Yes No No
District of Columbia V Yes V No
Florida Yes V Yes V
Georgia No Yes No V
Hawaii No Yes V V
Idaho No Yes Yes No
Illinois No V No No
Indiana Yes Yes Yes Yes
Iowa Yes V No V
Kansas No Yes No Yes
Kentucky P Yes No Yes
Louisiana No Yes No V
Maine Yes Yes No Yes
Maryland Yes Yes Yes No
Massachusetts Yes Yes Yes Yes
Michigan V Yes V V
Minnesota Yes Yes Yes Yes
Mississippi P P P V
Missouri No Yes No Yes
Montana Yes Yes No No
Nebraska Yes Yes Yes V
Nevada Yes V Not available V
New Hampshire Yes Yes P V
New Jersey Yes V Yes V
New Mexico No V V V
New York P Yes P Yes
North Carolina No Yes No No
North Dakota Yes P Yes No
Ohio No Yes No Yes
Oklahoma Yes Yes No No
Oregon Yes Yes Yes Yes
Pennsylvania Yes Yes Yes V
Rhode Island Yes Yes Yes Yes
South Carolina No Yes No Yes
South Dakota No P No No
Tennessee No V No No
Texas V V Not available V
Utah P Yes P P
Vermont No Yes No No
Virginia No V P V
Washington Yes V No No
West Virginia No Yes V V
Wisconsin Yes Yes Yes Yes
Wyoming Yes Yes No No
Totals
Yes 23 36 14 16
No 20 0 24 18
V 3 10 6 16
P 5 5 5 1
Not available 0 0 2 0

Abbreviations: No = treatment not covered for any Medicaid enrollee; P = treatment covered for pregnant women only; V = coverage varies, with treatment covered for some, but not all, traditional Medicaid enrollees; Yes = treatment covered for all Medicaid enrollees.
* Data as of December 31, 2008, and December 31, 2018.
† Because of differences in the methods and timing of data collection, some findings differ from findings on this topic published before 2014.

TABLE 2. Medicaid coverage for tobacco cessation medications, by state — United States, 2008 and 2018*,†Return to your place in the text
State NRT patch NRT gum NRT lozenge NRT nasal spray NRT inhaler Bupropion (Zyban) Varenicline (Chantix)
2008 2018 2008 2018 2008 2018 2008 2018 2008 2018 2008 2018 2008 2018
Alabama No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes
Alaska Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Arizona Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Arkansas Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
California Yes Yes V Yes V Yes V Yes V Yes Yes Yes V Yes
Colorado Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Connecticut No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes
Delaware Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes
District of Columbia V Yes V Yes V Yes No V No V V Yes V V
Florida Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No Yes Yes No Yes
Georgia No Yes No Yes No Yes No V No V No Yes No V
Hawaii V Yes V Yes V V V V V V V Yes V Yes
Idaho Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Illinois Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes V Yes V Yes Yes Yes V
Indiana Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Iowa Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Kansas Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Kentucky No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes
Louisiana Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes V Yes V Yes Yes Yes V
Maine Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Maryland V Yes V Yes V Yes No Yes No Yes V Yes V Yes
Massachusetts Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Michigan Yes Yes V Yes V Yes V Yes V Yes V Yes V Yes
Minnesota Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Mississippi Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Missouri No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes
Montana Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Nebraska Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Nevada Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes V Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
New Hampshire Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
New Jersey Yes Yes V Yes No Yes No V No V V Yes V Yes
New Mexico V Yes V Yes V Yes V V V V V Yes V Yes
New York Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes V Yes Yes Yes Yes
North Carolina Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
North Dakota Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ohio Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Oklahoma Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Oregon Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Pennsylvania Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes V Yes V Yes Yes Yes Yes
Rhode Island Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes V Yes V Yes
South Carolina Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
South Dakota No No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Tennessee No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes
Texas Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Utah V Yes V Yes V Yes V Yes V Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Vermont Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Virginia Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes V Yes V Yes V Yes Yes Yes Yes
Washington Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No V No V Yes Yes Yes V
West Virginia V Yes V Yes V Yes V Yes V Yes No Yes No Yes
Wisconsin Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Wyoming Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Totals
Yes 38 50 34 50 25 47 28 37 27 37 36 51 35 46
No 7 1 8 1 18 2 17 3 18 3 8 0 8 0
V 6 0 9 0 8 2 6 11 6 11 7 0 8 5

Abbreviations: No = treatment not covered for any Medicaid enrollee; NRT = nicotine replacement therapy; V = coverage varies, with treatment covered for some, but not all, traditional Medicaid enrollees; Yes = treatment covered for all Medicaid enrollees.
* Data as of December 31, 2008, and December 31, 2018.
† Because of differences in the methods and timing of data collection, some findings differ from findings on this topic published before 2014.

TABLE 3. Barriers to Medicaid coverage for tobacco cessation treatments, by state — United States, 2008 and 2018*,†,§Return to your place in the text
State Copayment required Prior authorization required Counseling required for medications Stepped care therapy Limits on duration Annual limit on number of quit attempts Lifetime limit on number of quit attempts
2008 2018 2008 2018 2008 2018 2008 2018 2008 2018 2008 2018 2008 2018
Alabama No No Yes Yes N/A No N/A No Yes Yes No Yes No No
Alaska Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
Arizona No No No No No No No No Yes Yes No Yes No No
Arkansas No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes V Yes Yes No No
California Yes No No V Yes No No No Yes V Yes V No No
Colorado Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Connecticut N/A No N/A Yes N/A No N/A No N/A Yes N/A No N/A No
Delaware Yes No Yes V Yes V Yes V Yes V Yes V No No
District of Columbia No V No V No No No No Yes V No V No No
Florida Yes V No No No No Yes No V Yes V Yes V No
Georgia N/A V N/A V N/A No N/A No N/A Yes N/A Yes N/A No
Hawaii V No V V V Yes V V V V V Yes V No
Idaho No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No
Illinois No V Yes V No No No V No V No V No No
Indiana Yes Yes No V Yes Yes Yes V Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
Iowa Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
Kansas Yes No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
Kentucky No No No No N/A No N/A No Yes No No No No No
Louisiana Yes V No V Yes No No No No V No V No No
Maine Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No
Maryland V No V Yes V No V Yes V Yes V No V No
Massachusetts Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes No Yes No No
Michigan V No V No V No V No V V V No Not available No
Minnesota Yes No No V No No No No No V No No No No
Mississippi Yes V No Yes No No No No No No No Yes No No
Missouri N/A No N/A No N/A No N/A No N/A No N/A No N/A No
Montana Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No
Nebraska Yes V Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes No No
Nevada Yes No Yes V No No No No Yes Yes Yes V No No
New Hampshire Yes V Yes V No V No V Yes V Yes V No No
New Jersey V V V No V No V No V V V V V No
New Mexico No V No V V V No No V V Yes Yes No No
New York V V No No No No No No Yes No Yes No No No
North Carolina Yes Yes No No No No No Yes No Yes No No No No
North Dakota Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
Ohio Yes No No V No No No V No V No V No No
Oklahoma Yes No Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No No No
Oregon Yes No No Yes No No No No No Yes No Yes No No
Pennsylvania Yes V V V No No No V Yes V Yes V No No
Rhode Island V No V V Yes V No No Yes V No No No No
South Carolina Yes No Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
South Dakota Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No
Tennessee N/A Yes N/A Yes N/A No N/A Yes N/A Yes N/A Yes N/A V
Texas V No No Yes V No V Yes Yes V Yes V No No
Utah Yes Yes Yes V No V No V Yes V No Yes Yes No
Vermont Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
Virginia Yes V No V No No No V No No No No No No
Washington No No Yes V No V No V No V No V No V
West Virginia No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No
Wisconsin Yes Yes No No No No No No No Yes No No No No
Wyoming Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
Totals
Yes 30 10 19 17 15 9 7 11 28 26 21 25 4 0
No 10 28 22 16 24 36 33 30 13 7 21 14 38 49
V 7 13 6 18 6 6 5 10 6 18 5 12 4 2
N/A 4 0 4 0 6 0 6 0 4 0 4 0 4 0
Not available 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Abbreviations: N/A = information not applicable because treatment is not covered; No = barrier does not apply to any Medicaid enrollee; V = varies, with barrier applying to some, but not all, Medicaid enrollees; Yes = barrier applies to all Medicaid enrollees.
* Data as of December 31, 2008, and December 31, 2018.
† Because of differences in the methods and timing of data collection, some findings differ from findings on this topic published before 2014.
§ Barriers apply to one or more cessation treatments.

Suggested citation for this article: DiGiulio A, Jump Z, Babb S, et al. State Medicaid Coverage for Tobacco Cessation Treatments and Barriers to Accessing Treatments — United States, 2008–2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:155–160. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6906a2.


MMWR and Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report are service marks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services.
References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are
provided as a service to MMWR readers and do not constitute or imply
endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services. CDC is not responsible for the content
of pages found at these sites. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of
the date of publication.

All HTML versions of MMWR articles are generated from final proofs through an automated process.
This conversion might result in character translation or format errors in the HTML version.
Users are referred to the electronic PDF version (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr)
and/or the original MMWR paper copy for printable versions of official text, figures, and tables.

Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to
mmwrq@cdc.gov.

inergency

Inergency is the online news source for green business and eco-living trends

You might also like More from author

Comments are closed, but trackbacks and pingbacks are open.

Index Sidebar Banner
buy viagra where to buy female viagra pill
buy viagra online where can i buy viagra