Environmental Management of Ecuador’s Business Sector in the Fight against Climate Change
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1. Introduction
Climate change is a consequence of an infinite number of factors, which are not only related to direct air pollution, but also to the use and treatment of soil, waste, wastewater, energy and radioactivity, among others. Wastewater treatment generates greenhouse gases, inadequate solid waste management also has an impact, as organic waste in landfills produces methane, a potent greenhouse gas. On the soil side, deforestation and unsustainable agricultural practices can result in the release of large amounts of carbon stored in the soil.
In this sense, it is important to analyze corporate environmental management in order to visualize the efforts made by private companies to promote environmentally sustainable development. This is the case in the research by Ochoa and other authors, which considers “estimates of current expenditure and investment in environmental management of the private sector versus GDP during the period 2010–2015 in Ecuador, supported by the finding of the environmental Kuznets curve (CKA)”. The study uses linear regression to visualize the relationship between economic growth (GDP) and environmental degradation (CO2 emissions), incorporating the current expenditure and environmental investment related to the variables made by private companies.
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The reactive posture. Companies that face environmental problems only when they arrive, indicating zero sensitivity to environmental issues.
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The accommodating posture. Companies that make decisions to comply with legal regulations related to environmental issues.
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The stakeholder posture. Companies that focus on satisfying the environmental demands of internal and external stakeholders.
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The proactive stance. Companies that anticipate or plan for environmental problems that could occur in their internal and external environment, through the implementation of actions to prevent their occurrence.
Identifying which sector affects climate change the most can be complicated, as they all contribute in different ways to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the magnitude of each sector’s impact may vary by region and specific practices within each sector; however, some general observations can be made. The manufacturing sector, due to its manufacturing processes, uses chemicals and a lot of energy, generally generated from fossil fuels. The mining sector involves deforestation, soil disturbance and the release of methane during the extraction of coal. This sector also consumes large amounts of energy. The construction sector involves the production of materials, such as cement and steel, as well as the generation of construction and demolition waste. The commerce sector has an impact, especially through the long-distance transportation of goods, and the services sector, although smaller, has an impact mainly through energy consumption by commercial buildings, transportation and public services.
In this research, the main objective is to analyze the performance of each of the five business sectors established in Ecuador, namely manufacturing, commerce, mining, construction and services, to determine their contribution in regard to environmental management actions, especially those that impact the fight against climate change. Hence the research question is: What is the contribution of Ecuador’s business sectors in the fight against climate change, considering actions in specific areas, such as the current expenditure?
2. Methodology
In this case, the classification by sector is considered, which has five categories, namely manufacturing, commerce, mining, construction and services, examining, using the EIAEE, the environmental expenditure in general and the expenditure for each of the actions linked to the fight against climate change, considered as the current expenditure of the company. To analyze these variables, descriptive statistics are considered, with the main measures being the mean, maximum, minimum and percentiles. These statistics are calculated both for the total environmental management expenditure and for each of the seven variables related to the reduction, prevention and minimization factors focused on the fight against climate change.
where:
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x2 is the value of the chi-square statistic;
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n is the total number of observations in the table;
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c is the number of columns in the table;
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r is the number of rows in the table.
3. Results
As for the main statistics on environmental spending reported by the companies, it can be clearly seen that, of the companies surveyed, the average is a little over USD 40,000. When examining the percentiles, it is observed that 25% of the companies do not spend anything on the environment, 50% spend below USD 1200 and 75% spend below USD 15,600. The amazing thing is that the maximum value is a little over USD 16,000,000, which implies that there is a large gap in the annual spending of more than a thousand times, between the 25% of companies that expressed the highest volume of expenditure and the other 75% of companies that spend the least on the environment.
The action to prevent the generation of waste or residues stands out in terms of the largest volume of companies participating in such activities with more than 14,000, with the maximum expenditure of almost USD 4,000,000 and the maximum total exceeding USD 28,000,000. In relation to minimizing the use of mineral and energy resources, the highest average expenditure stands out at a little more than USD 165,000, and in regard to the highest expenditure figures, considering the 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles, the latter percentile reaches an amount of more than USD 94,000.
These statistics provide key information on environmental spending, from the average amount invested to the variability and distribution of that investment. These figures help researchers, policymakers and stakeholders better understand how resources are being allocated to address environmental issues and identify areas where adjustments or different approaches may be needed.
With respect to the bivariate analysis, to determine associations between the variables, the following hypotheses are established:
H0: The economic sector of the company is not associated with the type of action against climate change (considered as the current expenditure).
H1: The economic sector of the company is associated with the type of action against climate change (considered as the current expenditure).
In this case, the five economic sectors (manufacturing, mining, commerce, construction and services) and seven types of actions against climate change that the companies consider to be the current expenditure are:
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Reducing emissions or pollutant concentrations in the air (through process modification, gas treatment, measurement, laboratory control, similar activities and others);
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Preventing surface water pollution by reducing wastewater release (includes wastewater collection and treatment);
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Preventing the generation of waste and/or residues, the reduction of harmful effects to the environment (includes collection, treatment, recycling and composting, street cleaning and garbage collection);
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Preventing the infiltration of soil and groundwater pollutants, the cleaning of soils and water bodies and the protection of soil against erosion;
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Reducing or eliminating the negative consequences of radiation emitted from any source (including the handling, transport and treatment of radioactive waste);
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Minimizing the use of mineral and energy resources by modifying processes, such as the recovery, reuse, recycling and saving of mineral sources;
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Minimizing the extraction of water resources through the modification of processes, such as the reuse, recycling, saving and use of fresh water.
The highest proportion of companies that reduce emissions into the air through process modification, gas treatment, measurement, laboratory control, similar activities and others, which include this as a current expense, are those in manufacturing and mining sectors with 34% and 40%, respectively.
When examining Cramer’s V index, which is 0.406, it can be pointed out that there is a moderate association between the variables. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected, meaning that there is an association between the economic sector of the company and the reduction of emissions into the air considered as a current expense, which is observed in the proportion of manufacturing and mining companies; these are the two sectors that are most associated with this action.
When examining Cramer’s V index, which is 0.490, it can be noted that there is a moderate association between the variables. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected, meaning that there is an association between the economic sector of the company and the prevention of surface water pollution by reducing the release of wastewater, included as a current expense, which is visualized in the proportion of manufacturing and mining companies; these are the two sectors that are most associated with this action.
When examining Cramer’s V index, which is 0.385, it can be pointed out that there is a moderate association between the variables. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected, which means that there is an association between the economic sector of the company and the prevention of waste generation, considered as a current expenditure, which is seen in the proportion of manufacturing and mining companies; these are the two sectors that are most associated with this action.
When examining the Cramer’s V index, which is 0.259, it can be noted that there is a moderate association between the variables. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected, which means that there is an association between the economic sector of the company and the prevention of infiltration of soil and groundwater contaminants, the cleaning of soils and bodies of water and the protection of soil against erosion, included as a current expense, which is observed in the proportion of mining companies; this is the sector that is most associated with this action.
When examining the Cramer’s V index, which is 0.053, it can be noted that there is no association between the variables. Therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted, meaning that there is no association between the economic sector of the company and the reduction or elimination of the negative consequences of radiation, considered as a current expense; this can be seen in the proportion of companies in all sectors, since in general, they oscillate in very even percentages, which do not exceed 2 percent.
When examining the Cramer’s V index, which is 0.090, it can be pointed out that there is no association between the variables. Therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted, meaning that there is no association between the economic sector of the company and the minimization of the use of mineral and energy resources, included as a current expense. This can be seen in the proportion of companies in all sectors, since in general, they oscillate in very similar percentages that do not exceed 3 percent.
When examining the Cramer’s V index, which is 0.178, it can be noted that there is no association between the variables. Therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted, meaning that there is no association between the economic sector of the company and the minimization of water resource extraction, considered as a current expense, which is seen in the proportion of companies in all sectors; since in general, they oscillate in very equivalent percentages that do not exceed 10 percent.
General Consideration
It can be summarized that there is a moderate association between the economic sector and the following types of action against climate change, namely the reduction of emissions or pollutant concentrations in the air, prevention of surface water pollution, prevention of the generation of waste and/or residues, and the prevention of infiltration of soil and groundwater pollutants, which implies that knowing the economic sector helps to predict whether a company considers these actions in its current expenditure.
On the other hand, there is no association between the economic sector and the following types of action against climate change, namely the reduction or elimination of the negative consequences of radiation emitted from any source, the minimization of the use of mineral or energy resources, and the minimization of the extraction of water resources, which means that knowing the economic sector does not help predict whether a company considers these actions in its current expenditure.
4. Discussion
The fact that companies are ISO 14001 certified is relevant because they are standardized norms, which allow them to apply the same principles and practices to improve their environmental performance. It also helps them to identify, control and continuously improve their environmental impact, prevent costly environmental incidents, regulatory fines and damage to the company’s reputation, as well as promoting operational efficiency.
It is also very important that environmental spending is considered as a current expense, since it represents regular and recurring expenditure to maintain a company’s operational activities.
Companies’ environmental spending has a significant impact on the fight against climate change, which is also reflected in corporate sustainability, since investment in technologies and practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, in clean energy and technologies, in the implementation of water management systems and the diversification of supply chains will enable the mitigation and adaptation to climate risks.
The Organic Environmental Code (COA) establishes environmental incentives for conservation, sustainable use and management, and ecosystem restoration, in order to promote the sustainable use of biological resources, promote a culture of pollution prevention and reduction, and compliance with environmental regulations.
“The breakdown of current investment marks 86% public funds and 14% private investment (…) Private financing, (…) is basically allocated to biodiversity offsets, sustainable supply chains and impact investments”.
In other words, obtaining measurable biodiversity conservation results that compensate for what has been impacted, obtaining a zero net loss of biodiversity, involves a chain that includes an established strategy and process to identify negative environmental impacts, and a plan to diminish these impacts, and investments that are made with the specific intention of providing a positive environmental impact that is measurable, in addition to a financial return.
The study analyzes the relationship between the economic sector and environmental spending. The results obtained through Cramer’s V test reveal a moderate association between the economic sector and environmental spending on air care, soil, wastewater and waste treatment. This association suggests that certain economic sectors are contributing significantly to environmental management spending in these specific areas. In this case, when observing the figures, it can be seen that the manufacturing and mining sectors represent the highest proportion in terms of their response, as they do consider these four actions as a current expenditure.
On the other hand, the lack of association between the economic sector and the treatment of radiation, the use of mineral or energy resources and water resources indicates that, at least according to the data analyzed in this study, none of these sectors excels in regard to their contribution to these challenges, as they do not consider these three actions as a current expenditure.
5. Conclusions
The global pact encourages organizations to voluntarily join together to implement strategies, among which is care for the environment, including climate change. In Ecuador, the Climate Ambition Accelerator program has involved the participation of several large companies and training within the framework of Ecuador Verde.
From the EIAA survey conducted by the INEC in Ecuador, the results show that only a little more than 5% of companies have the ISO 14001:2015 certification. This provides room to adopt strategies for more companies to achieve certification, since implementing standardized standards helps to identify and evaluate the environmental impact and reducing costs, while promoting the operational efficiency and the reputation of the company.
The results show that only a little more than 5% of companies have the ISO 14001:2015 certification, the province with the highest environmental expenditure is Zamora Chinchipe, and the mining sector, with the average of USD 40,000, although there is a very large gap between 75% of the companies that spend the least and 25% of companies that spend the most, with an increase of almost a thousand times, ranging from companies that do have zero expenditure to those that spend more than USD 16 million per year. At the world level, the United Nations establishes that private capital for environmental care should be tripled by 2030 and quadrupled by 2050.
Concerning the seven actions against climate change considered in this study, the reduction of emissions or pollutant concentrations in the air, the prevention of surface water pollution, the prevention of the generation of waste and/or residues, the prevention of infiltration of soil and groundwater pollutants, the reduction or elimination of the negative consequences of radiation, the minimization of the use of mineral and energy resources and the minimization of the extraction of water resources, there is a predominance of companies that do NOT consider them as current expenses. Only in the treatment of wastewater and waste was there a majority of companies in the manufacturing and mining sectors that indicated that these areas are considered as current expenses.
As for the association by means of the Cramer’s V test, it was determined that there is a moderate association between the economic sector and environmental spending on air, soil, wastewater and waste treatment, showing that the manufacturing and mining sectors have a significant contribution in relation to the other economic sectors in regard to these four actions and that there is no association between the economic sector and the treatment of radiation, the use of mineral or energy resources and water resources, which implies that none of the economic sectors has a significant contribution in relation to another economic sector in regard to these three actions.
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