Integration of Community-Based Tourism (CBT) Index and Biophysical Assessment for Sustainable Ecotourism Mangrove: A Case Study of Karangsong, Indonesia

The mangrove ecosystem area demonstrates significant potential for ecotourism development, as indicated by the results of tourism suitability analysis

Gonda Beach is classified as highly suitable for mangrove ecotourism, supported by its diverse range of mangrove species and biota, including Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora apiculata, Ceriops tagal, Sonneratia alba, Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Xylocarpus granatum, and Xylocarpus moluccensis, as well as various fish, reptiles, birds, and crabs

Six mangrove species identified: Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Sonneratia alba, Avicennia marina, and Nypa fruticans with density ranging from 6.2 ind/100 m² to 11.8 ind/100 m²

Mangrove-associated biota include fish, shrimp, crabs, mollusks, birds, and reptiles

Average tourism suitability index recorded at 54.6%, categorized as “conditionally suitable”

Carrying capacity of Budo Village mangrove tourism area: 116 people/day, operational for 14 h/day

Average tourism suitability index (IKW) determined at 63.5%, categorized as “suitable”

Carrying capacity of mangrove tourism areas in Jailolo Bay: 150 people/day, operational for 12 h/day

Factors influencing mangrove ecotourism suitability in Jailolo Bay: mangrove thickness, type, density, and associated biota

Various areas in Bangladesh, including Cox’s Bazar, Chittagong, Rangamati, Khagrachhari, and the mangrove region are identified as highly suitable for ecotourism development

Challenges such as the scarcity of limited clean water in coastal areas of Bangladesh and the necessity for integrating safety and security concerns with the mapping of future ecotourism potential have been recognized

Integrating management, conservation, and tourism aspects offers multiple benefits for both the mangrove environment and local communities

A balanced approach fosters conservation awareness and simultaneously creates economic opportunities within the tourism sector

Majority of individuals in the Rekawa Coastal Wetlands express willingness to contribute financially to mangrove restoration programs

Factors such as awareness of climate change impacts, recognition of ecotourism benefits, and dependence on mangrove ecosystems influence the extent of willingness to pay

This suggests that implementing mangrove restoration programs can be facilitated with financial backing from the local community

Economic benefits from mangrove ecosystem services in Ca Mau province, Vietnam, including fisheries, erosion control, carbon sequestration, and timber, total USD 622 million

These benefits are derived from an area coverage of 187 hectares

Proper management of these resources while maintaining environmental balance can significantly improve the quality of life for the local population

The total area of mangroves in Japan is 870 ha, less than 0.01% of the country’s total forest area, yet they are protected and are increasing in size and importance for tourism

Mangroves in Japan have significant species diversity, including Rhizophora, Kandelia, and Bruguiera

The conservation status of mangrove forests in Japan varies, with some areas facing threats from coastal development and climate change

The ecological roles of mangrove forests in Japan include coastal protection, carbon sequestration, and habitat for various species

Mangrove conservation efforts in the study area are ongoing, with a focus on sustainable management and economic benefits

Sustainable management and economic benefits exhibit the majority of indicators for sustainability within the conservation efforts

Despite progress, certain conservation efforts may require formalization to enhance effectiveness

Recommendations have been proposed based on identified gaps, aligning with the GSTC guidelines