The Role of Procedure Duration in the Sustainability Assessment of Contaminated Site Management in Italy
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, M.V.; methodology, F.A., E.B., F.P. (Federico Pinzin) and M.V.; software, F.A., E.B., F.P. (Federico Pinzin) and W.A.M.A.N.I.; validation, F.A., E.B., F.P. (Fabio Pascarella) and M.V.; formal analysis, F.A., E.B., F.P. (Federico Pinzin) and M.V.; investigation, F.A., E.B. and F.P. (Federico Pinzin); resources, F.P. (Fabio Pascarella) and M.V.; data curation, F.A., E.B. and F.P. (Federico Pinzin); writing—original draft preparation, F.A., E.B., F.P. (Federico Pinzin) and W.A.M.A.N.I.; writing—review and editing, W.A.M.A.N.I. and M.V.; visualization, F.A., E.B., F.P. (Federico Pinzin) and M.V.; supervision, F.P. (Fabio Pascarella) and M.V.; project administration, F.P. (Fabio Pascarella) and M.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Figure 1.
Interrelation of soil, environment, and economy.
Figure 1.
Interrelation of soil, environment, and economy.
Figure 2.
The main stages of the ordinary management procedure set by Article 242 of Legislative Decree 152/06 for contaminated site management in Italy.
Figure 2.
The main stages of the ordinary management procedure set by Article 242 of Legislative Decree 152/06 for contaminated site management in Italy.
Figure 3.
Time duration for completed procedures in Italy according to closure modality: after notification without any further action (PCN), after conceptual model without any further intervention (PCCM), and after intervention (PCI).
Figure 3.
Time duration for completed procedures in Italy according to closure modality: after notification without any further action (PCN), after conceptual model without any further intervention (PCCM), and after intervention (PCI).
Figure 4.
Time duration for completed procedures with intervention in Italy according to intervention type: remediation (PCIR), other management processes (PCIOMP).
Figure 4.
Time duration for completed procedures with intervention in Italy according to intervention type: remediation (PCIR), other management processes (PCIOMP).
Figure 5.
Time duration for completed procedures with intervention in Italy according to the procedure type: DM 471/99 (PCI471), DLgs 152/06—ordinary procedures (PCIO152), DLgs 152/06—simplified procedures (PCIS152).
Figure 5.
Time duration for completed procedures with intervention in Italy according to the procedure type: DM 471/99 (PCI471), DLgs 152/06—ordinary procedures (PCIO152), DLgs 152/06—simplified procedures (PCIS152).
Figure 6.
Time duration for completed procedures with intervention in Italy according to the competent authority for the administrative management.
Figure 6.
Time duration for completed procedures with intervention in Italy according to the competent authority for the administrative management.
Figure 7.
Time duration for completed procedures with intervention according to the environmental media affected: soil/subsoil (PCIS), groundwater (PCIGW).
Figure 7.
Time duration for completed procedures with intervention according to the environmental media affected: soil/subsoil (PCIS), groundwater (PCIGW).
Figure 8.
Time duration for completed procedures with intervention limited to the soil/subsoil according to generic (CLA/CSC) or specific (CSR) target concentrations.
Figure 8.
Time duration for completed procedures with intervention limited to the soil/subsoil according to generic (CLA/CSC) or specific (CSR) target concentrations.
Figure 9.
Comparison of the overall distribution of time duration for completed procedures in the province of Brescia, in the Lombardy Region, and in Italy.
Figure 9.
Comparison of the overall distribution of time duration for completed procedures in the province of Brescia, in the Lombardy Region, and in Italy.
Figure 10.
Analysis of the overall time duration for completed procedures in the province of Brescia according to closure modality and procedure type: without intervention (PCN + PCCM), after intervention with ordinary procedures (PCIO (152/471)), and after intervention with simplified procedures (PCIS (152)).
Figure 10.
Analysis of the overall time duration for completed procedures in the province of Brescia according to closure modality and procedure type: without intervention (PCN + PCCM), after intervention with ordinary procedures (PCIO (152/471)), and after intervention with simplified procedures (PCIS (152)).
Figure 11.
Time duration for completed procedures in the province of Brescia according to closure modality: after notification without any further action (PCN), after conceptual model without any further intervention (PCCM), and after intervention (PCI).
Figure 11.
Time duration for completed procedures in the province of Brescia according to closure modality: after notification without any further action (PCN), after conceptual model without any further intervention (PCCM), and after intervention (PCI).
Figure 12.
Time duration of completed procedures with intervention limited to soil upon ordinary procedures in the province of Brescia according to generic (CLA/CSC) or specific (CSR) target concentrations.
Figure 12.
Time duration of completed procedures with intervention limited to soil upon ordinary procedures in the province of Brescia according to generic (CLA/CSC) or specific (CSR) target concentrations.
Figure 13.
Duration of procedures completed with soil-limited intervention in general procedures in Italy according to general (CLA/CSC) or specific (CSR) target concentrations.
Figure 13.
Duration of procedures completed with soil-limited intervention in general procedures in Italy according to general (CLA/CSC) or specific (CSR) target concentrations.
Figure 14.
The duration of the stages of the remedial process in the general procedures of the province of Brescia.
Figure 14.
The duration of the stages of the remedial process in the general procedures of the province of Brescia.
Table 1.
Timescales relating to each step of the ordinary management procedure set by Article 242 of Legislative Decree 152/06.
Table 1.
Timescales relating to each step of the ordinary management procedure set by Article 242 of Legislative Decree 152/06.
| Management Procedure Step (Article 242) | Expected Duration |
|---|---|
| Communication of potential contamination and implementation of preventive measures | 24 h |
| Preliminary investigation | 48 h |
| Presentation of the characterization plan | 30 days |
| Approval of the characterization plan | 30 days |
| Presentation of the site-specific risk assessment | 6 months |
| Approval of the site-specific risk assessment | 60 days |
| Presentation of the remedial intervention project | 6 months |
| Approval of the remedial intervention project | 60 days |
| Remedial intervention | Time set in the project |
| Certification of the completion of the remedial interventions | 30 days |
Table 2.
Dataset for statistical analysis at the national level (* outliers are removed from the dataset).
Table 2.
Dataset for statistical analysis at the national level (* outliers are removed from the dataset).
| Analysis/Variable | Dataset | No. of Observations | Full Name | Referred Abbreviation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Procedure time duration vs. procedure closure mode | Completed procedures with time duration data = 8023 | |||
| Notification | 4180 | Procedure Closure after Notification | PCN | |
| Conceptual model | 894 | Procedure Closure after Conceptual Model | PCCM | |
| Intervention | 2949 | Procedure Closure after Intervention | PCI | |
| Procedure time duration vs. intervention type | Completed procedures with intervention = 2949 | |||
| Remediation | 1749 | Procedure Closure after Intervention by Remediation | PCIR | |
| Other | 1200 | Procedure Closure after Intervention by Other Management Processes | PCIOMP | |
| Procedure time duration vs. procedure type | Completed procedures with intervention for most diffuse procedure type = 2359 | |||
| DM 471/99 | 836 | Procedure Closure after Intervention under DM 471/99 | PCI471 | |
| DLgs 152/06—ordinary procedure | 1096 | Procedure Closure after Intervention underDLgs 152/06—ordinary procedures | PCIO152 | |
| DLgs 152/06—simplified procedure | 427 | Procedure Closure after Intervention under DLgs 152/06—simplified procedures | PCIS152 | |
| Procedure time duration vs. competent authority | Completed procedures with intervention—competent authority = 2943 | |||
| Region | 61 * | Procedure Closure after Intervention by region | PCIREG | |
| Province | 284 | Procedure Closure after Intervention province | PCIPROV | |
| Municipality | 2597 | Procedure Closure after Intervention by municipality | PCIMUN | |
| Procedure time duration vs. environmental media affected | Completed procedures with intervention—information about environmental media affected = 1592 | |||
| Soil/subsoil | 857 | Procedure Closure after Intervention limited to soil/subsoil | PCIS | |
| Soil/subsoil and groundwater | 733 * | Procedure Closure after Intervention on soil/subsoil and groundwater | PCIGW | |
| Procedure time duration vs. soil/subsoil target concentration | Completed procedures with intervention limited to soil/subsoil—soil/subsoil target CSC or CSR = 856 | |||
| CSC | 805 | Procedure Closure after Intervention limited to soil/subsoil (remediation target CSC) | PCISCSC | |
| CSR | 51 | Procedure Closure after Intervention limited to soil/subsoil (remediation target CSR) | PCISCSR | |
| Procedure time duration vs. procedure type and soil/subsoil target concentration | Completed procedures under ordinary procedures (DM 471/99 or DLgs152/06) with intervention limited to soil/subsoil—soil/subsoil target CLA/CSC or CSR = 423 | |||
| Ordinary procedures and CLA/CSC | 383 * | Procedure Closure after Intervention limited to soil (remediation target CLA/CSC) under ordinary procedures (DM 471/99 or DLgs152/06) | PCIOSCSC | |
| Ordinary procedures and CSR | 38 | Procedure Closure after Intervention is limited to soil/subsoil (remediation target CSR) under ordinary procedures (DM 471/99 or DLgs152/06) | PCIOSCSR |
