1. Introduction4-1BBL (CD137L) is as a costimulatory molecule required for appropriate T-cell expansion, inducing the effector and memory responses in CD8+ T cells, a mechanism required for the immune system to fight tumoral cells .…
1. IntroductionHigh-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), the most prevalent histological subtype of ovarian cancer, remains in the top five most fatal cancers in women worldwide . Due to the absence of specific symptoms and effective…
1. IntroductionMonocytes are important mediators of the inflammatory immune response and a major source of serum cytokines. Inflammation-associated environmental signals mediate rapid monocyte recruitment, and participate in the…
1. IntroductionOlder age remains one of the most significant risk factors for many cancers. The median age at cancer diagnosis is 66 years, and the median age at cancer-related death is 72 years . More than nine out of 10 cancers are…
1. IntroductionHead and neck cancer (HNC) represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide . Approximately 10% of patients with HNC present with metastatic disease at initial diagnosis, with an additional 40–60% of…
1. IntroductionThe prognosis of patients with lung cancer has improved with the administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). However, the activation of the host immunity by ICIs would cause immune-related adverse events…
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