Accessibility and Perceived Impact of a Group Psychosocial Intervention for Women in Ecuador: A Comparative Analysis by Migration Status
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1. Introduction
Despite a need to strengthen the integration of MHPSS services within community settings, a knowledge gap persists in the accessibility and effectiveness of strategies aimed at improving mental health outcomes among both migrant and host populations. To our knowledge, there is no existing study that employs a mixed methods design to compare the impact of a mental health and psychosocial intervention on migrant compared to host communities. This study explored the experiences of both migrant and host community women in Ecuador within the MHPSS program Entre Nosotras (‘among/between us’), an MHPSS program designed in coordination with an international non-governmental organization (INGO) that oversaw implementation of the program.
3. Results
3.1. Expectations and Motivations
Prior to the start of the program, there were many women in both the migrant and host community groups who lacked a clear understanding of what Entre Nosotras entailed, which led to feelings of nervousness and curiosity. Many women also believed that they would receive financial support to participate, though this misconception was more prevalent in the migrant group. As one host community woman in Tulcán noted, “many women, women from here have said they want to join, but what happened is that they received the wrong information, they thought, and in reality we did get a bit of help for the house, Thank God, but the women wanted to join because they were told we were going to be helped financially, help us economically, that on such date they were going to give us money, so there was some controversy”.
Despite these expectations, women in both populations continued to attend the program and noted that they were motivated to continue participating because the other women provided support. They found the program to be a space where new friendships could develop; they could share laughter and de-stress, ultimately fostering a sense of camaraderie and affirmation.
3.2. Perceived Impact
Social support emerged as a highly valued outcome of the program for both communities. Both groups found solace in the opportunity to share, connect, and socialize with others, creating an environment where participants could unburden themselves, relax, and enjoy companionship. Both groups expressed satisfaction with the program’s facilitators and appreciated that the women leading the program were members of their shared community.
However, a distinct emphasis on the communal aspect of the program was present within the migrant group. These women underscored the importance of feeling like family with fellow participants, highlighting the program as a catalyst for forming meaningful friendships. A migrant woman in Guayaquil described it this way: “the companionship, being able to speak and talk about your things, that for me was the most satisfying thing”. Migrant women also highlighted that the program helped them acquire new knowledge and learn about resources available to them in the community, such as police stations or hospitals where they could seek help if needed. Migrant women reported that developing safety plans and maps during the program increased their sense of safety and perceived social support in their communities. One migrant woman in Guayaquil noted that “what I learned from the program was how to find safe sites, unsafe sites, for example, if I have a question, a problem, I can communicate with the other women and I can also help with these issues”.
Migrants also emphasized that participating in Entre Nosotras taught them to manage their emotions when coping with adversity, problem-solving skills, how to assert their rights, and motivated them to get ahead in life. A migrant woman in Guayaquil said, “Actually, everything [in the program] touched me, but one of them was that even though I’m a migrant, I have to know my rights and that no matter where I am as a woman I have rights, and as an emigrant too. This was something that well, I’m very fearful …. But now I know that yes, or rather, that we all, regardless of where we are, we do have rights and we’re going to make them count. This is something that’s imprinted in my brain”.
Host community members on the other hand highlighted the acquisition of new perspectives as a source of empowerment, which helped them understand that they were not alone in their struggles and that they could overcome them. A host community woman in Tulcán described it this way, “I would say that sometimes one thinks one is going through difficult times, but with friends that give us motivation, I mean we all go through difficult times, and it’s up to us to face them head on and have hope that new times will come. This impacted me because it taught me to not despair when times are difficult, but to have hope that something will change what’s bad”.
Both groups experienced a sense of personal improvement after participating in Entre Nosotras. Host community and migrant women described how incorporating various intervention components into their daily lives, such as problem-solving, stress-management, and breathing techniques, contributed to enhanced wellbeing and socialization. A migrant woman in Guayaquil noted that “breathing deeply, and to breathe, to take in air, these types of exercises [are] really good and I have practiced them and they’ve worked really well”. Both communities also reported that they appreciated that the program provided a break from their daily routine.
Additionally, migrant and host community women appreciated that Entre Nosotras discussed intimate partner and gender-based violence. They noted that it was relevant to their experiences as women, even if they had not personally encountered such situations. Migrant women specifically expressed satisfaction with learning more about these issues because it increased awareness about violence against women and it equipped them to assist someone in need. A migrant woman in Guayaquil noted, “And another [thing] that helped me a lot was that I have a family member someone that I’m close to who is going through issues with violence, and one woman helped me, she gave me a phone number and other things and that was really helpful”. In contrast, there were a few host community women who noted that the program content focused too much on gender-based violence and failed to address the women’s financial struggles. A host community woman in Tulcán, in response to a question about the relevance of Entre Nosotras to her and her life replied, “not really related to what one needs, what we would need, is like I said, help with work, because that’s what’s missing for us, income, or having an income, and, I don’t know, some work to have some income because we here, don’t have work”.
3.3. Relevance of Interventions Including Both Migrant and Host Community Women
There was also evidence of differences in migrant and host community women’s perceptions on the few occasions where participants mentioned not feeling comfortable sharing their personal experiences or struggles with members of the other group. Some migrant women described animosity or xenophobic behavior and expressed uncertainty about participating in the sessions alongside host community women because they feared a lack of confidentiality from these women. A migrant woman in Tulcán stated, “the community here of [name of community] sometimes the people reject Venezuelans”. Similarly, two migrant participants acknowledged host community rejection and hostility towards them, one of them stating she would not attend the program if she knew host community women would be present. A majority of these women were in Tulcán, which had a larger mix of migrant and host community members.
Nevertheless, there were instances of both migrant and host community participants acknowledging the value of sharing experiences with one another. For instance, a migrant woman whose intervention group was composed only of migrant participants stated that she would have liked to meet host community women, which could have facilitated her integration process. Another migrant participant also highlighted the program’s relevance to her experience as a migrant, emphasizing how it facilitated connections with other women who shared similar struggles despite differences in their lived experiences and migration status. Likewise, a participant from the host community in Tulcán shared that the program allowed her to meet new women and realize that “we are simply women. It doesn’t matter where we come from, what nationality we are, what religion we are, we are simply all women”.
3.4. Barriers and Facilitators to Accessibility and Attendance
Participants from both communities shared that lack of motivation to participate or lack of interest in the program could have been a barrier to attendance, especially given some women’s incorrect perception of the program prior to their involvement, including the belief that they would be receiving economic incentives to attend.
External factors were a significant barrier for both migrant and host communities. Scheduling conflicts were highlighted as one issue. For example, sessions coincided with women’s working hours or occurred after work when they were too tired to attend (a concern expressed more frequently by migrant participants). Similarly, whereas the issue of childcare emerged in both communities, it was particularly prominent among migrant participants, who expressed challenges attending sessions due to their responsibilities as mothers, child illness, or their inability to bring their children along to the sessions. Similarly, women from both communities emphasized the issue of household and family responsibilities, which primarily fell on them as a mother. Participants shared that having to take care of their family and maintain their household—mainly domestic duties and childcare—could hinder attendance. Host community women from Tulcán also brought attention to their unique situation as members of a rural community who needed to take care of livestock daily.
Participants from both communities expressed that women may be unable to attend the program if they must tend to their husband’s needs. Moreover, they noted the probability that some women, who may have desired to participate in the intervention, faced limitations imposed by their husbands who did not allow them to attend the sessions. Participants within both groups underscored a common “fear of the husband” and shared a past or second-hand experiences of women struggling with intimate partner violence (IPV), noting that it is likely to hinder attendance. While discussed by women in both communities, mentions of IPV were more frequent among migrant participants. A migrant woman in Tulcán noted, “They have to cook for him, attend to him. I imagine that the husband is working and arrives home tired, she has to have the food ready”. A migrant woman in Guayaquil noted that for many woman, a barrier to participation is “the fear of the husbands, there are husbands that don’t like it if their wives leave the house because they think that they will be unfaithful, so they have this fear, that no I won’t go out because of this situation, because if he finds out he’ll hit me or he can do who knows what else.“ Even when it did not personally affect them, it was noted that IPV could be a barrier. A migrant woman in Tulcán stated, “It could be that, yes, there are partners that don’t like it, there are people who have partners that control them and who don’t like that they go out, but I don’t know. For me, that’s not an issue, thank God”.
Migrant women were more likely than host community women to report barriers to attendance due to a lack of resources. For example, some migrant participants highlighted the difficulties in attending virtual sessions due to their poor internet connection or bad phone reception. On the other hand, participants struggled to attend the in-person sessions if the program was located far from their homes. Migrant women often lacked the financial means to pay for public transportation, so they commuted by foot. Thus, their attendance was largely reliant on the weather or their health. Similarly, participants from both groups explained that the availability of financial resources could impact a woman’s decision to participate in the intervention, as she was likely to prioritize finding employment and attending work over attending the program.
Health also posed a distinct challenge to attendance, particularly for migrant participants. Numerous migrant women shared anecdotes in which they were unable to join the sessions due to health complications, at times due to sickness but primarily due to pregnancy symptoms. A migrant woman in Tulcán stated, “I came to my sessions, but others didn’t come because they were pregnant, and they had a lot of symptoms, a lot of vomiting, and they couldn’t go out”. Health problems were not reported by host community participants as a barrier to attendance.
Finally, participants within both communities described factors and elements of the intervention that they believed facilitated or could facilitate its implementation. Migrant women emphasized receiving help with childcare and financial assistance as intervention components that have helped or could help with attendance. Women who were able to bring their children to the sessions expressed relief at knowing their children were nearby during the program. One migrant woman in Tulcán even noted that her daughter helped motivate her to go, stating, “Yes, I brought her, I didn’t miss a single session, same as her, and since they gave cookies she would go running. She would tell me ‘Mama lets go,’ and I would leave running”. Similarly, women who received support through mobile/Wi-Fi services, transportation fares, and the provision of snacks acknowledged the significance of this assistance in helping them attend the sessions.
3.5. Sustainability
Women from both communities also took it upon themselves to spread the benefits of the program. They recounted instances where they were able to share their newfound knowledge with family, friends, and neighbors and expressed a desire to extend invitations to more individuals. A host community woman in Tulcán noted that “here the classes that you gave us were excellent to share with our neighbors”. Host and migrant women also expressed their commitment to ongoing participation, actively inviting and motivating others to join.
However, sustainability was not just defined as expanding the program by recruiting new participants, but also as reinforcing the existing bonds between participants. Most migrant and host community women described maintaining connections through WhatsApp, utilizing it for communication and occasionally arranging in-person meetings. However, technical barriers, such as sharing phones with other family members and limited internet access, have posed challenges for some. Migrant women suggested having a leader to help foster conversation and the organizing of events, including a woman in Guayaquil who said, “It’s necessary this, and I think that, making someone a facilitator, I think that we see ourselves through her and the leader too needs to motivate and connect us”.
Despite their shared desire for the program’s continuation, the focus areas for both communities differ. Migrant women emphasized material support, including food, transportation, and childcare during sessions, with the goal of aiding women in need. They also advocated for program expansion and increased recruitment. In contrast, host community women prioritized ensuring the training sessions occur in a safe location and that the program evolve to teach additional skills that could lead to income generation, such as crafts and baking.
4. Discussion
This study highlights the importance of mixed methods research when evaluating mental health and psychosocial support interventions in humanitarian settings. While quantitative data showed no significant differences in the impact of the program on migrant and host community women, qualitative data revealed many differences in the perceived benefits and knowledge gained from the program. The qualitative data elucidate why host community women were significantly likely to have higher attendance and shone a light on the barriers to attendance that disproportionately affected migrant women.
Given that many women who participated in Entre Nosotras viewed the attempt to create an inclusive and community-based intervention as successful, and all women wanted the program to expand, it is vital to reflect on the reasons for their enthusiastic support as they can suggest a way forward for other groups hoping to implement similar MHPSS interventions. There were women in mixed groups who found the experience of meeting women from different backgrounds to be a benefit of the program. The fact that migrant and host community women were involved in the development of Entre Nosotras from the beginning, and that facilitators were from the community, most likely contributed to this sense of collective ownership of the program. Entre Nosotras was also adaptable to the women’s needs, and facilitators were trained to be flexible so that their activities could best support the specific group of women they were working with. These aspects of the program allowed for strong bonds to form between the women, many of whom have continued to meet and correspond via WhatsApp. This multimodal communication points to the benefits of a hybrid program, especially when it comes to sustainability. However, this was not initially a choice made by the implementors of the program; the COVID-19 situation at the time in Ecuador necessitated it.
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