First-Year Mortality of Four Early-Successional Species on Severely Degraded Sites in Eastern Canada as Influenced by a Factorial of Site Preparation Treatments
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Figure 1.
(A) Rainfall (mm) sourced from nearby Fredericton, New Brunswick (45.9636° N, 66.6431° W) from 1 April 2021–20 September 2021. (B) Soil moisture readings in 2021 showing differences between straw and no straw coverage on dates where field assessments were done. Dates marked with * are significantly different p < 0.05. Note x-axis dates range differ.
Figure 1.
(A) Rainfall (mm) sourced from nearby Fredericton, New Brunswick (45.9636° N, 66.6431° W) from 1 April 2021–20 September 2021. (B) Soil moisture readings in 2021 showing differences between straw and no straw coverage on dates where field assessments were done. Dates marked with * are significantly different p < 0.05. Note x-axis dates range differ.
Figure 2.
Summer related 2021 mortality (mean ± SE) with (A) MC × S × Site interaction, (B) S × Site × Species interaction. NS: no straw, S: straw, NMC: no meri-crushing, MC: Meri-crushing. n = 384.
Figure 2.
Summer related 2021 mortality (mean ± SE) with (A) MC × S × Site interaction, (B) S × Site × Species interaction. NS: no straw, S: straw, NMC: no meri-crushing, MC: Meri-crushing. n = 384.
Figure 3.
Summer related 2021 mortality (mean ± SE) with MC × S × CWD interaction. NS: no straw, S: straw, NCWD: no coarse woody debris, CWD: coarse woody debris, NMC: no meri-crushing, MC: meri-crushing. n = 384.
Figure 3.
Summer related 2021 mortality (mean ± SE) with MC × S × CWD interaction. NS: no straw, S: straw, NCWD: no coarse woody debris, CWD: coarse woody debris, NMC: no meri-crushing, MC: meri-crushing. n = 384.
Figure 4.
Winter related mortality (mean ± SE) with Straw × CWD × Site interaction. NS: no straw, S: straw, NCWD: no coarse woody debris, CWD: coarse woody debris. n = 384.
Figure 4.
Winter related mortality (mean ± SE) with Straw × CWD × Site interaction. NS: no straw, S: straw, NCWD: no coarse woody debris, CWD: coarse woody debris. n = 384.
Figure 5.
Winter related mortality (mean ± SE) with (A) Site × CWD interaction, (B) Straw × CWD interaction. NS: no straw, S: straw, NCWD: no coarse woody debris, CWD: coarse woody debris. n = 384.
Figure 5.
Winter related mortality (mean ± SE) with (A) Site × CWD interaction, (B) Straw × CWD interaction. NS: no straw, S: straw, NCWD: no coarse woody debris, CWD: coarse woody debris. n = 384.
Figure 6.
Frost heave mortality (mean ± SE) showing MC × S × CWD interaction. NS: no straw, S: straw, NCWD: no coarse woody debris, CWD: coarse woody debris, NMC: no meri-crushing, MC: meri-crushing. n = 384.
Figure 6.
Frost heave mortality (mean ± SE) showing MC × S × CWD interaction. NS: no straw, S: straw, NCWD: no coarse woody debris, CWD: coarse woody debris, NMC: no meri-crushing, MC: meri-crushing. n = 384.
Figure 7.
Frost heave mortality (mean ± SE) showing Site × S interaction. Different letters in two-way interactions represent significant differences according to Tukey’s mean separation test, p = 0.05. NS: no straw, S: straw. n = 384.
Figure 7.
Frost heave mortality (mean ± SE) showing Site × S interaction. Different letters in two-way interactions represent significant differences according to Tukey’s mean separation test, p = 0.05. NS: no straw, S: straw. n = 384.
Figure 8.
Total first year mortality (mean ± SE) showing MC × S × CWD interaction. NS: no straw, S: straw, NCWD: no coarse woody debris, CWD: coarse woody debris, NMC: no meri-crushing, MC: meri-crushing. n = 384.
Figure 8.
Total first year mortality (mean ± SE) showing MC × S × CWD interaction. NS: no straw, S: straw, NCWD: no coarse woody debris, CWD: coarse woody debris, NMC: no meri-crushing, MC: meri-crushing. n = 384.
Figure 9.
Total first year mortality (mean ± SE) showing (A) Species × Straw interaction, (B) Site × S interaction. Different letters in two-way interactions represent significant differences according to Tukey’s mean separation test, p = 0.05. NS: no straw, S: straw. n = 384.
Figure 9.
Total first year mortality (mean ± SE) showing (A) Species × Straw interaction, (B) Site × S interaction. Different letters in two-way interactions represent significant differences according to Tukey’s mean separation test, p = 0.05. NS: no straw, S: straw. n = 384.
Figure 10.
Total first year mortality (mean ± SE) classified by period of death. (A) Species broken down by when they died. (B) Treatment types and their associated mortality. CRTL: no treatments, MC: meri-crushing, CWD: coarse woody debris, MCCWD: meri-crushing + coarse woody debris, S: straw, MCS: meri-crushing + straw, SCWD: straw + coarse woody debris, MCSCWD: meri-crushing + straw + coarse woody debris. n = 384.
Figure 10.
Total first year mortality (mean ± SE) classified by period of death. (A) Species broken down by when they died. (B) Treatment types and their associated mortality. CRTL: no treatments, MC: meri-crushing, CWD: coarse woody debris, MCCWD: meri-crushing + coarse woody debris, S: straw, MCS: meri-crushing + straw, SCWD: straw + coarse woody debris, MCSCWD: meri-crushing + straw + coarse woody debris. n = 384.
Table 1.
Species and provenance of seedling material used in the experiment.
Table 1.
Species and provenance of seedling material used in the experiment.
| Species | Source Year | Provenance | Country | Latitude (N) | Longitude (W) | Elevation (m) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Betula papyrifera | White birch | 1998 | Wayeton, NB | CAN | 47.21667 | −65.93333 | 300 |
| Betula papyrifera | White birch | 1998 | Jewetts Creek, NB | CAN | 45.83333 | −66.98333 | 50 |
| Betula populifolia | Gray birch | 2008 | Newmarket, NB | CAN | 45.80501 | −66.95634 | 149 |
| Betula populifolia | Gray birch | 2008 | Newmarket, NB | CAN | 45.83147 | −66.97115 | 130 |
| Betula populifolia | Gray birch | 2008 | Newmarket, NB | CAN | 45.8076 | −66.96825 | 141 |
| Betula populifolia | Gray birch | 2008 | Newmarket, NB | CAN | 45.83486 | −66.96272 | 125 |
| Betula populifolia | Gray birch | 1999 | Bai-du-vin, NB | CAN | 47.03333 | −65.16666 | 5 |
| Alnus Viridis ssp. crispa | Green alder | 2002 | West Quaco, NB | CAN | 45.33 | −65.53 | 65 |
| Alnus Viridis ssp. crispa | Green alder | 1999 | Lower Prince William, NB | CAN | 45.87 | −67 | 20 |
| Alnus incana ssp. rugosa | Speckled alder | 1983 | Enmore, PEI | CAN | 46.58 | −64.05 | 10 |
| Alnus incana ssp. rugosa | Speckled alder | 1983 | Vallyfield, PEI | CAN | 46.13 | −62.72 | 45 |
| Alnus incana ssp. rugosa | Speckled alder | 1983 | Shediac, NB | CAN | 46.23 | −64.6 | 15 |
Table 2.
2020 soil properties for three experimental sites on DND Base Gagetown.
Table 2.
2020 soil properties for three experimental sites on DND Base Gagetown.
| ID | Organic Matter (%) | Total Nitrogen (%) | Carbon (%) | C:N Ratio | pH | Phopshorus (ppm) | Pottasium (meq/100 g) |
| Site 1 | 1.744 ± 0.99 a | 0.219 ± 0.05 a | 1.013 ± 0.58 a | 4.350 ± 1.59 ab | 4.43 ± 0.16 b | 6.375 ± 3.02 a | 0.110 ± 0.03 a |
| Site 2 | 0.871 ± 0.37 a | 0.171 ± 0.03 b | 0.509 ± 0.21 a | 2.938 ± 0.93 b | 4.63 ± 0.15 a | 4.375 ± 1.19 a | 0.113 ± 0.03 a |
| Site 3 | 1.303 ± 0.54 a | 0.168 ± 0.03 b | 0.758 ± 0.31 a | 4.538 ± 0.72 a | 4.61 ± 0.08 a | 5.875 ± 2.10 a | 0.104 ± 0.02 a |
| ID | Calcium (meq/100 g) | Magnesium (ppm) | Clay (%) | Silt (%) | Sand (%) | Rocks (%) * | Average Depth (cm) |
| Site 1 | 0.381 ± 0.15 b | 0.156 ± 0.08 a | 15.81 ± 3.41 a | 43.76 ± 7.45 a | 40.44 ± 10.69 b | 36.05 ± 17.36 a | 31.93 ± 12.18 a |
| Site 2 | 1.044 ± 0.32 a | 0.280 ± 0.09 a | 13.51 ± 3.01 a | 34.25 ± 6.20 b | 52.20 ± 9.04 b | 41.21 ± 12.46 a | 11.64 ± 7.27 b |
| Site 3 | 1.198 ± 0.72 a | 0.369 ± 0.24 a | 12.93 ± 2.69 a | 28.84 ± 5.13 b | 58.21 ± 7.66 a | 43.96 ± 15.46 a | 14.94 ± 9.78 b |
Table 3.
Site preparation treatments, species and site effects and interactions on summer-related 2021 mortality ANOVA table including degrees of freedom (df), mean square values (MS), variance components (VC), and p values. p values < 0.05 are in bold print. Meri-crushing (MC), Straw (S), Coarse woody debris (CWD).
Table 3.
Site preparation treatments, species and site effects and interactions on summer-related 2021 mortality ANOVA table including degrees of freedom (df), mean square values (MS), variance components (VC), and p values. p values < 0.05 are in bold print. Meri-crushing (MC), Straw (S), Coarse woody debris (CWD).
| Summer Related Mortality * | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Source of Variation | df | MS | VC (%) | p Value |
| MC | 1 | 0.286 | 0.9 | 0.021 |
| S | 1 | 3.016 | 9.2 | <0.001 |
| CWD | 1 | 0.001 | 0.0 | 0.908 |
| SITE | 2 | 0.588 | 3.6 | <0.001 |
| SPECIES | 3 | 0.489 | 4.5 | <0.001 |
| BLOCK(SITE) | 9 | 0.165 | 4.5 | 0.001 |
| S*MC | 1 | 0.161 | 0.5 | 0.084 |
| CWD*MC | 1 | 0.446 | 1.4 | 0.004 |
| SITE*MC | 2 | 0.330 | 2.0 | 0.002 |
| SPECIES*MC | 3 | 0.001 | 0.0 | 0.997 |
| CWD*S | 1 | 0.046 | 0.1 | 0.356 |
| SPECIES*S | 3 | 0.298 | 2.7 | 0.001 |
| SITE*S | 2 | 1.076 | 6.6 | <0.001 |
| SPECIES*CWD | 3 | 0.050 | 0.5 | 0.421 |
| SITE*CWD | 2 | 0.082 | 0.5 | 0.219 |
| SITE*SPECIES | 6 | 0.084 | 1.5 | 0.154 |
| CWD*S*MC | 1 | 0.231 | 0.7 | 0.038 |
| SPECIES*S*MC | 3 | 0.031 | 0.3 | 0.626 |
| SITE*S*MC | 2 | 0.320 | 2.0 | 0.003 |
| SPECIES*CWD*MC | 3 | 0.092 | 0.8 | 0.162 |
| SITE*CWD*MC | 2 | 0.077 | 0.5 | 0.237 |
| SITE*SPECIES*MC | 6 | 0.034 | 0.6 | 0.701 |
| SPECIES*CWD*S | 3 | 0.009 | 0.1 | 0.923 |
| SITE*CWD*S | 2 | 0.072 | 0.4 | 0.261 |
| SITE*SPECIES*S | 6 | 0.244 | 4.5 | <0.001 |
| SITE*SPECIES*CWD | 6 | 0.075 | 1.4 | 0.209 |
| Error | 308 | 0.053 | 50.2 | |
| R2 | 0.498 | |||
Table 4.
Site preparation treatments, species and site effects and interactions on winter-related mortality. ANOVA table including degrees of freedom (df), mean square values (MS), variance components (VC), and p values. p values < 0.05 are in bold print. Meri-crushing (MC), Straw (S), Coarse woody debris (CWD).
Table 4.
Site preparation treatments, species and site effects and interactions on winter-related mortality. ANOVA table including degrees of freedom (df), mean square values (MS), variance components (VC), and p values. p values < 0.05 are in bold print. Meri-crushing (MC), Straw (S), Coarse woody debris (CWD).
| Winter Related Mortality * | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Source of Variation | df | MS | VC (%) | p Value |
| MC | 1 | 0.103 | 1.0 | 0.043 |
| S | 1 | 0.258 | 2.4 | 0.001 |
| CWD | 1 | 0.121 | 1.1 | 0.029 |
| SITE | 2 | 0.054 | 1.0 | 0.118 |
| SPECIES | 3 | 0.060 | 1.7 | 0.066 |
| BLOCK(SITE) | 9 | 0.020 | 1.7 | 0.632 |
| S*MC | 1 | 0.006 | 0.1 | 0.612 |
| CWD*MC | 1 | 0.006 | 0.1 | 0.612 |
| SITE*MC | 2 | 0.002 | 0.0 | 0.918 |
| SPECIES*MC | 3 | 0.058 | 1.6 | 0.076 |
| CWD*S | 1 | 0.346 | 3.3 | <0.001 |
| SPECIES*S | 3 | 0.057 | 1.6 | 0.077 |
| SITE*S | 2 | 0.026 | 0.5 | 0.348 |
| SPECIES*CWD | 3 | 0.015 | 0.4 | 0.602 |
| SITE*CWD | 2 | 0.099 | 1.9 | 0.020 |
| SITE*SPECIES | 6 | 0.016 | 0.9 | 0.691 |
| CWD*S*MC | 1 | 0.026 | 0.2 | 0.311 |
| SPECIES*S*MC | 3 | 0.034 | 1.0 | 0.259 |
| SITE*S*MC | 2 | 0.009 | 0.2 | 0.709 |
| SPECIES*CWD*MC | 3 | 0.015 | 0.4 | 0.627 |
| SITE*CWD*MC | 2 | 0.000 | 0.0 | 1.000 |
| SITE*SPECIES*MC | 6 | 0.023 | 1.3 | 0.470 |
| SPECIES*CWD*S | 3 | 0.044 | 1.3 | 0.152 |
| SITE*CWD*S | 2 | 0.138 | 2.6 | 0.004 |
| SITE*SPECIES*S | 6 | 0.012 | 0.7 | 0.811 |
| SITE*SPECIES*CWD | 6 | 0.009 | 0.5 | 0.902 |
| Error | 308 | 0.025 | 72.5 | |
| R2 | 0.275 | |||
Table 5.
Site preparation treatments, species and site effects and interactions on frost heaved mortality. ANOVA table including degrees of freedom (df), mean square values (MS), variance components (VC), and p values. p values < 0.05 are in bold print. Meri-crushing (MC), Straw (S), Coarse woody debris (CWD).
Table 5.
Site preparation treatments, species and site effects and interactions on frost heaved mortality. ANOVA table including degrees of freedom (df), mean square values (MS), variance components (VC), and p values. p values < 0.05 are in bold print. Meri-crushing (MC), Straw (S), Coarse woody debris (CWD).
| Frost Heave Mortality * | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Source of Variation | df | MS | VC(%) | p Value |
| MC | 1 | 0.483 | 0.9 | 0.010 |
| S | 1 | 10.110 | 19.0 | <0.001 |
| CWD | 1 | 6.857 | 12.9 | <0.001 |
| SITE | 2 | 0.451 | 1.7 | 0.002 |
| SPECIES | 3 | 0.226 | 1.3 | 0.026 |
| BLOCK(SITE) | 9 | 0.181 | 3.1 | 0.009 |
| S*MC | 1 | 0.777 | 1.5 | 0.001 |
| CWD*MC | 1 | 0.346 | 0.6 | 0.030 |
| SITE*MC | 2 | 0.155 | 0.6 | 0.119 |
| SPECIES*MC | 3 | 0.063 | 0.4 | 0.455 |
| CWD*S | 1 | 4.918 | 9.2 | <0.001 |
| SPECIES*S | 3 | 0.110 | 0.6 | 0.211 |
| SITE*S | 2 | 0.227 | 0.9 | 0.045 |
| SPECIES*CWD | 3 | 0.189 | 1.1 | 0.052 |
| SITE*CWD | 2 | 0.072 | 0.3 | 0.372 |
| SITE*SPECIES | 6 | 0.060 | 0.7 | 0.546 |
| CWD*S*MC | 1 | 0.600 | 1.1 | 0.004 |
| SPECIES*S*MC | 3 | 0.015 | 0.1 | 0.887 |
| SITE*S*MC | 2 | 0.017 | 0.1 | 0.795 |
| SPECIES*CWD*MC | 3 | 0.020 | 0.1 | 0.838 |
| SITE*CWD*MC | 2 | 0.008 | 0.0 | 0.899 |
| SITE*SPECIES*MC | 6 | 0.075 | 0.8 | 0.406 |
| SPECIES*CWD*S | 3 | 0.101 | 0.6 | 0.244 |
| SITE*CWD*S | 2 | 0.024 | 0.1 | 0.721 |
| SITE*SPECIES*S | 6 | 0.032 | 0.4 | 0.850 |
| SITE*SPECIES*CWD | 6 | 0.024 | 0.3 | 0.921 |
| Error | 308 | 0.072 | 41.9 | |
| R2 | 0.581 | |||
Table 6.
Site preparation treatments, species and site effects and interactions on total first-year mortality. ANOVA table including degrees of freedom (df), mean square values (MS), variance components (VC), and p values. p values < 0.05 are in bold print. Meri-crushing (MC), Straw (S), Coarse woody debris (CWD).
Table 6.
Site preparation treatments, species and site effects and interactions on total first-year mortality. ANOVA table including degrees of freedom (df), mean square values (MS), variance components (VC), and p values. p values < 0.05 are in bold print. Meri-crushing (MC), Straw (S), Coarse woody debris (CWD).
| Total First Year Mortality * | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Source of Variation | df | MS | VC(%) | p Value |
| MC | 1 | 0.193 | 0.2 | 0.202 |
| S | 1 | 17.204 | 19.1 | <0.001 |
| CWD | 1 | 8.221 | 9.1 | <0.001 |
| SITE | 2 | 2.317 | 5.1 | <0.001 |
| SPECIES | 3 | 1.627 | 5.4 | <0.001 |
| BLOCK(SITE) | 9 | 0.185 | 1.8 | 0.127 |
| S*MC | 1 | 0.194 | 0.2 | 0.201 |
| CWD*MC | 1 | 1.540 | 1.7 | <0.001 |
| SITE*MC | 2 | 0.595 | 1.3 | 0.007 |
| SPECIES*MC | 3 | 0.009 | 0.0 | 0.974 |
| CWD*S | 1 | 1.889 | 2.1 | <0.001 |
| SPECIES*S | 3 | 0.856 | 2.9 | <0.001 |
| SITE*S | 2 | 1.697 | 3.8 | <0.001 |
| SPECIES*CWD | 3 | 0.263 | 0.9 | 0.086 |
| SITE*CWD | 2 | 0.056 | 0.1 | 0.625 |
| SITE*SPECIES | 6 | 0.126 | 0.8 | 0.384 |
| CWD*S*MC | 1 | 1.284 | 1.4 | 0.001 |
| SPECIES*S*MC | 3 | 0.035 | 0.1 | 0.829 |
| SITE*S*MC | 2 | 0.131 | 0.3 | 0.332 |
| SPECIES*CWD*MC | 3 | 0.072 | 0.2 | 0.610 |
| SITE*CWD*MC | 2 | 0.132 | 0.3 | 0.329 |
| SITE*SPECIES*MC | 6 | 0.040 | 0.3 | 0.916 |
| SPECIES*CWD*S | 3 | 0.121 | 0.4 | 0.383 |
| SITE*CWD*S | 2 | 0.072 | 0.2 | 0.545 |
| SITE*SPECIES*S | 6 | 0.163 | 1.1 | 0.223 |
| SITE*SPECIES*CWD | 6 | 0.094 | 0.6 | 0.577 |
| Error | 307 | 0.118 | 40.4 | |
| R2 | 0.597 | |||
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