Socioeconomic, Demographic, and Environmental Factors May Inform Malaria Intervention Prioritization in Urban Nigeria

Dependent variable Number of U5 positive malaria tests The number of positive malaria tests by microscopy among children 6–59 months old aggregated per cluster MIS and DHS [23,34,35,36] Explanatory variables by thematic group Socioeconomic factors

1.

% with post-primary education

Percentage (%) of women in each cluster with secondary or higher educational attainment MIS and DHS [23,34,35,36]

2.

% in the rich wealth quintiles

% of the cluster population in the rich and richest wealth quintiles. Wealth quintiles were constructed using various indicators of household living standards [36] MIS and DHS [23,34,35,36]

3.

% in homes with improved flooring

% of the cluster population living in homes with improved flooring (finished floors, parquet or polished wood, ceramic tiles, cement, and carpet) MIS and DHS [23,34,35,36]

4.

% in homes with a metal or zinc roof

% of the cluster population living in homes with a metal or zinc roof MIS and DHS [23,34,35,36]

5.

% in homes with an improved wall type

% of the cluster population living in homes with an improved wall type (finished wall, cement, bricks, cement blocks, covered adobe) MIS and DHS [23,34,35,36]

6.

% living in improved housing (2000)

Predicted % of the cluster population living in improved housing in 2000. Improved housing is defined as homes with improved water and sanitation, sufficient living area, and durable construction, according to Tusting et al. [37] Malaria Atlas Project (MAP) [38,39]

7.

% living in improved housing (2015)

Predicted % of the cluster population living in improved housing in 2015 MAP [37,40] Demographic factors

8.

All-age population density

Estimated population density per cluster at the time of the 2010 and 2015 DHS/MIS surveys. Population density data for 2020 were extracted for the 2018 and 2021 surveys (UN World Population Prospects-Adjusted Population Density, v4.11). Unit is persons per square kilometer Center for International Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University [39]

9.

Population density, children five years and under

Estimated population density for children under the age of five in 2020. Unit is the number of children per square kilometer Humanitarian Data Exchange [40]

10.

% of pregnant women

% of pregnant women MIS and DHS [23,34,35,36]

11.

% of the female population

% of females per cluster MIS and DHS [23,34,35,36]

12.

Median household size

Median household size per cluster MIS and DHS [23,34,35,36]

13.

Median age

Median age per cluster MIS and DHS [23,34,35,36]

14.

State

State where the cluster is located MIS and DHS [23,34,35,36]

15.

Region

Geopolitical region where the cluster is located (there are six geopolitical regions in Nigeria: the northeast, northwest, north central, southeast, southwest, south south) MIS and DHS [23,34,35,36] Behavioral factors

16.

% of individuals using bednets

% of the cluster population that slept under a treated bednet the night before the survey MIS and DHS [23,34,35,36]

17.

% of children 6–59 months using bednets, among those tested by microscopy

% of children 6–59 months tested for malaria by microscopy that slept under a treated bednet the night before the survey MIS and DHS [23,34,35,36]

18.

% of U5 children that sought medical treatment for fever

% of children under the age of five that received medical treatment given that they had a fever or cough in the two weeks before the survey. Medical treatment must be received in the public sector or medical private sector, except for a pharmacy MIS and DHS [23,34,35,36]

19.

% of U5 children with a fever who received artemisinin combination therapy (ACT)

% of children under the age of five that received an ACT given that they had a fever MIS and DHS [23,34,35,36] Accessibility-related factors

20.

Motorized travel time to healthcare in minutes

Predicted travel time to healthcare facility in minutes in 2019 MAP [41] Environmental factors

21.

Total precipitation (depth in meters)

Estimated total precipitation during survey month and year per cluster. Units measure the depth in meters. It is measured as the depth that the water would have if it were spread evenly over a grid box European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Climate Data Store [42]

22.

Temperature (°C)

Estimated temperature of air at 2 m above the surface of land, sea, or inland waters in Celsius per cluster during the survey month ECMWF, Climate DataStore [42]

23.

Surface soil moisture (GSM)

The average estimated depth of water present in a specific soil layer beneath the surface is measured as gravimetric soil moisture (GSM) per cluster. GSM is the mass of water compared to the mass of solid materials per unit volume of soil Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center [43]

24.

Distance to water bodies (meters)

Straight line distance to water bodies in meters MAP (unpublished data)

25.

Elevation (meters)

Cluster elevation above sea level in meters Multi-Error-Removed Improved-Terrain DEM [44]

26.

Enhanced vegetation index

Enhanced vegetation index for quantifying vegetation greenness in units of the spectral index MAP gap filled EVI (communication with MAP) Other adjustment variables

1.

Number of children tested

Number of children 6–59 months old tested for malaria per cluster MIS and DHS [23,34,35,36]

2.

Interview date

Year the DHS survey was conducted per cluster and survey month per cluster (some clusters were surveyed over a two-month period; the first interview month was used in those cases) MIS and DHS [23,34,35,36]

3.

Longitude and latitude

The longitude and latitude positions where the clusters were geolocated after displacement to protect participant confidentiality MIS and DHS [23,34,35,36]